Currently submitted to: JMIR Human Factors
Date Submitted: Nov 14, 2025
Open Peer Review Period: Jan 5, 2026 - Mar 2, 2026
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Assessment of dietary advice delivered by a personalized mobile application to improve glucose control for adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: Randomized Controlled Trial
ABSTRACT
Background:
The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to increase, and the lack of individualized therapy strategies hinders patient engagement with and commitment to a healthy lifestyle. The PROTEIN project aimed to facilitate users to choose healthy living, thereby improving their metabolism and T2D management.
Objective:
To assess the efficacy of a personalized mobile application to achieve a 5% time in range (TIR) improvement over a 12-week intervention in adults with prediabetes or T2DM.
Methods:
We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 21 individuals with T2D or prediabetes who used a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system and the PROTEIN mobile application (PROTEIN app) for personalized meals and exercise recommendations based on their glucose levels and physical activity.
Results:
The TIR of the participants increased (p<0.05; from 71.8% ± 27.3% to 76.0% ± 28.1%) with individual use of the PROTEIN app but did not achieve a 5% improvement overall. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, and body weight did not fluctuate throughout the 12-week intervention. The dropout rate was high and the average duration of use of the PROTEIN app was 42 days (range 5 to 84).
Conclusions:
Our results showed an improvement in TIR with the use of the PROTEIN-app. Integrating wearables and automated personalization for wellbeing is an innovative approach that must keep pace with the accelerated development of ever-evolving technologies. Clinical Trial: ClinicalTrials.gov: registration no. NCT05951140 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05951140
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