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Accepted for/Published in: JMIR Formative Research

Date Submitted: Apr 28, 2025
Open Peer Review Period: Apr 29, 2025 - Jun 24, 2025
Date Accepted: Aug 29, 2025
(closed for review but you can still tweet)

The final, peer-reviewed published version of this preprint can be found here:

Medicine Beyond Machines: Viewpoint on the Art of Thinking in the Age of AI

Ferreira IBB, Menezes RC, Correia LCL, Andrade BB

Medicine Beyond Machines: Viewpoint on the Art of Thinking in the Age of AI

JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e76669

DOI: 10.2196/76669

PMID: 41066686

PMCID: 12510612

MEDICINE BEYOND MACHINES: A VIEWPOINT ON THE ART OF THINKING IN THE AGE OF AI

  • Isabella B. B. Ferreira; 
  • Rodrigo C. Menezes; 
  • Luis Cláudio L. Correia; 
  • Bruno B. Andrade

ABSTRACT

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) is reshaping clinical decision-making by influencing not only data interpretation but also the cognitive structure of medical reasoning. While these tools enhance diagnostic capacity and streamline workflows, misuse may diminish critical, contextual, and humanized thinking, reducing physicians to passive validators of algorithmic outputs. This article explores the evolution of medical cognition and proposes strategies for integrating AI in ways that preserve cognitive autonomy, such as structuring information, reducing bias, and strengthening metacognition. We argue that AI should serve as a "cognitive stethoscope", a tool that refines reasoning without compromising its essence.


 Citation

Please cite as:

Ferreira IBB, Menezes RC, Correia LCL, Andrade BB

Medicine Beyond Machines: Viewpoint on the Art of Thinking in the Age of AI

JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e76669

DOI: 10.2196/76669

PMID: 41066686

PMCID: 12510612

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