Previously submitted to: Journal of Medical Internet Research (no longer under consideration since Jun 18, 2018)
Date Submitted: Dec 24, 2017
Open Peer Review Period: Dec 25, 2017 - Jun 18, 2018
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Psychometric properties, sociodemographic and health behavioral correlates of Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version in Chinese adults: a population study
Background:
Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) is an emerging but under-studied public health issue. Extremely little is known about the pattern of PMPU at the population level. A valid and reliable measure of PMPU that permits cross-cultural comparison is needed for examination of associated sociodemographic and health behavioral factors and further studies.
Objective:
(1) To evaluate the psychometric properties of Chinese Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short version (SAS-SV) as a measure of PMPU, (2) to estimate the population prevalence of PMPU and (3) to examine the sociodemographic and health behavioral correlates of PMPU in Chinese general adults in Hong Kong, where the proportion of smartphone user was among the highest globally.
Methods:
The psychometric properties of the Chinese SAS-SV were assessed in a territory-wide, probability-based telephone survey of 3211 Hong Kong general adults aged ≥ 18 years (mean 43.3 years, 45.3% men). The internal consistency of the Chinese translation of SAS-SV was examined by Cronbach’s alpha. One-week test-retest reliability was evaluated in a random subset of 100 subjects. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to verify the single factor structure established by previous studies. SAS-SV cut-off scores of ≥ 31 for males and ≥ 33 for females were used to determine the prevalence of PMPU. Multivariable linear regressions were used to calculate the regression coefficients (b) of SAS-SV score in relation to sociodemographic factors, health behaviors and chronic disease status. Data were weighted by age, sex and education attainment distributions of the Hong Kong general population.
Results:
Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .844) and one-week test-retest reliability for the SAS-SV were satisfactory (intraclass correlation coefficient = .76, P < .001). CFA supported a single factor structure with acceptable fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.084; comparative fit index = 0.98; Tucker-Lewis index = 0.96). The weighted prevalence of PMPU was 38.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 36.9%, 40.2%). Female sex, younger age, being married/ cohabitated or divorced/ separated (vs unmarried), and lower education level were associated with a higher SAS-SV score (all P < .05). After controlling for sociodemographic factors and mutual adjustment, higher SAS-SV scores were observed in subjects who currently smoke (vs never smoker; b = 1.48, 95% CI 0.19, 2.78), drink alcohol weekly or more (vs never drinker; b = 1.50, 95% CI 0.18, 2.83), and were physically inactive (P for trend = .019).
Conclusions:
Chinese SAS-SV was found valid and reliable for assessing PMPU in Chinese general adults. Several sociodemographic and health behaviors were found associated with PMPU at the population level. Further research on the health consequences of prevalent PMPU in Chinese is warranted.
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