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Currently submitted to: JMIR Human Factors

Date Submitted: Feb 17, 2026
Open Peer Review Period: Mar 4, 2026 - Apr 29, 2026
(currently open for review)

Warning: This is an author submission that is not peer-reviewed or edited. Preprints - unless they show as "accepted" - should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.

A Human-Centered Approach to Address “Last Mile” Barriers to Healthcare Access: Co-designing mobile clinics for underserved populations

  • Stephanie Tulk Jesso; 
  • Ann Fronczek; 
  • Amy Booth; 
  • Joseph Trombetta; 
  • Mehmet Yildirim; 
  • Negin Esmaeili; 
  • Shiqi Zhang; 
  • Sean Dolan; 
  • Michael Difabio; 
  • Anemone Kasasbeh; 
  • Kayla Velie; 
  • Sreenath Chalil Madathil; 
  • Christopher Alderman; 
  • Sumantra Sarkar

ABSTRACT

Background:

In the United States, many individuals lack adequate access to healthcare services due to a host of economic, logistical, and social barriers. Telehealth technologies and mobile health clinics present the opportunity to close the “last mile” between patients and healthcare services.

Objective:

Our multidisciplinary team from healthcare and academia wanted to design a mobile health clinic with potential telehealth services, along with the supporting infrastructure as a first step towards developing such a program for our region.

Methods:

Our multidisciplinary team hosted a co-design session to collaboratively design and mock-up mobile health clinic services aimed at serving the needs of our community, with an emphasis on vulnerable populations within our region.

Results:

This session yielded insights into the necessity for flexible space, equipment, and staff, and how “high-tech” tools, like drones and robots, along with a fleet of small, medium, and large mobile health clinics, could be maximally positioned to traverse “the last mile” and provide equitable healthcare to our community.

Conclusions:

The use of mobile clinics to address last-mile challenges could have a transformative impact on community health, and co-design is a valuable tool to elucidate pragmatic opportunities to target first, and can aid in developing a broader roadmap to scale up strategically and sustainably.


 Citation

Please cite as:

Tulk Jesso S, Fronczek A, Booth A, Trombetta J, Yildirim M, Esmaeili N, Zhang S, Dolan S, Difabio M, Kasasbeh A, Velie K, Chalil Madathil S, Alderman C, Sarkar S

A Human-Centered Approach to Address “Last Mile” Barriers to Healthcare Access: Co-designing mobile clinics for underserved populations

JMIR Preprints. 17/02/2026:92517

DOI: 10.2196/preprints.92517

URL: https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/92517

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