JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

This paper presents a scoping review on current AI education programs in medical and psychology training and proposes a model AI curriculum that can be used as an example to further develop how AI can be integrated effectively into medical and psychological education.

Objective:

The aim of this paper is twofold: First, we conducted a scoping literature review to examine existing programs on AI in medical and psychological training, identifying the content offered and the skills required.

Methods:

The scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines to analyze AI education programs published in English until February 20 2026, excluding non-peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, conference proceedings, reviews, and studies reporting applications of AI or AI used as a method for teaching content. Searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed independently by two reviewers using Rayyan.ai, with disagreements resolved through discussion. Data were extracted using content analysis and categorized into program characteristics, e.g., target group or program length, and program content, e.g., targeted AI literacy, programming and application skills, or AI governance in healthcare.

Results:

From 21,968 retrieved records, 37 relevant programs were identified. The majority of programs (49 %) were from high-income countries, e.g., the United States, Canada, Germany, and the UK. 54 % (n = 20) programs targeted all career levels, 32 % (n= 12) focused on medical students. Program length differed widely form ≤1 day (n=10) 27 % to ≤1 year (n=10) 27 %. Most programs (62 %, n=23) were extracurricular and reached less than 50 participants, 70 % of programs report an evaluation. 35 out of 37 programs covered content on data literacy and AI recognition and comprehension, whereas practical application of gained knowledge and hands-on exercises with AI tools were only covered by half of the programs.

Conclusions:

This review updates previous reviews of AI programs in medical and psychological education and provides a detailed analysis of offered and still missing content. AI programs in medical education extensively cover data literacy, AI recognition, and comprehension. While radiology represents a leading area, gaps remain regarding available programs for psychologists and practical application hands-on exercises with AI tools. The infrequent publication, limited scientific evaluation, and lack of mandatory curricular implementation highlight the need for a longitudinal, curriculum-integrated, competency-based AI curriculum in healthcare education. Collaborations with low- and middle-income countries can contribute to a sustainable and inclusive growth of AI in healthcare, enabling all healthcare systems to benefit from advancements in AI technologies. Clinical Trial: This study was not pre-registered and did not receive external funding.