Previously submitted to: Journal of Medical Internet Research (no longer under consideration since Mar 04, 2026)
Date Submitted: Oct 22, 2025
Open Peer Review Period: Oct 23, 2025 - Dec 18, 2025
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Artificial Intelligence Software Among Commercially Insured Populations: Characteristics of Patient and Plans
ABSTRACT
Background:
Artificial intelligence (AI) software is poised to transform radiology. Despite this potential, little remains known about which patients have received AI and the insurance types reimbursing clinicians for these services.
Objective:
To address these gaps, we conducted an exploratory analysis using 2018-2023 Merative MarketScan data to describe adoption of 11 AI software types.
Methods:
Among a cohort of 8,272 commercially insured adults, we assessed patient characteristics, including sex, age, clinical complexity, geographic region, metropolitan status, and insurance plan type.
Results:
AI software was used 14,133 times, increasing from 335 services in 2018 to 6,939 in 2023. Fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography accounted for 74.93% of services. Use was more frequent among male patients (62.14%), middle-aged adults (mean 53.95 years), in metropolitan areas (89.04%), and in the South (44.02%). Adoption was higher in preferred provider organization (44.30%) and high-deductible plans (31.98%) than in health maintenance organization plans (12.46%).
Conclusions:
These findings reveal rapid growth but variable use of AI software among commercially insured patients, underscoring the need for future research and policy to ensure equitable and beneficial adoption of AI software.
Citation
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