JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a significant global health burden, with high mortality despite the availability of standardized treatment regimens. Accurate prognostication remains a challenge, as no host-derived biomarker is routinely used to predict TB outcomes. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase reactant widely accessible even in resource-limited settings, has been proposed as a potential prognostic biomarker. Although elevated CRP levels have been associated with severe disease and increased mortality in TB, its prognostic performance has not been systematically evaluated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the prognostic value of CRP in predicting mortality among adult patients with tuberculosis. Subgroup analyses will explore the influence of HIV status and TB type (pulmonary vs extrapulmonary) on CRP’s prognostic performance. Following PRISMA-P 2020 guidelines, this review adopts the Domain, Determinants, and Outcome (DDO) framework. We will include full-text, English-language cohort studies (prospective or retrospective), observational studies, and control arms of randomized controlled trials that assess baseline CRP levels and report quantitative associations with mortality in adults with microbiologically confirmed TB. A comprehensive search will be conducted in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, Medrxiv, and ProQuest. Risk of bias will be assessed using the QUIPS tool, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the CEBM prognostic framework. Where appropriate, random-effects meta-analyses will be performed using hazard ratios (HR), odds ratios (OR), or risk ratios (RR), and subgroup analyses will be conducted based on key variables such as HIV status and TB type. Expected Outcomes: This review will provide a comprehensive synthesis of the prognostic performance of CRP in TB mortality, including the interpretation of different CRP thresholds (e.g., ≥5 mg/L, ≥10 mg/L). Findings may inform clinical decision-making, triage strategies, and future development of CRP-based risk stratification tools, especially in high-burden or resource-limited settings. Registration: This protocol is registered in PROSPERO with the ID: CRD420251101984.