JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Congenital heart disease (CHD) constitutes a significant health and economic burden in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia. However, its macroeconomic impact across provinces remains poorly quantified.

Objective:

To estimate the economic burden associated with premature death and disability due to CHD in Indonesia, with a focus on regional and gender disparities.

Methods:

Using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study, we assessed the Value of Lost Welfare (VLW) attributable to CHD across all 34 Indonesian provinces. Economic valuation was conducted using three approaches: the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT) model, an OECD-based method, and a national wage-based estimate. Analyses were stratified by sex and derived from both Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs). We examined disparities using two approaches: (1) gender disparity was measured as the relative difference in VLW between males and females; (2) geographical disparity was quantified using both location quotients (LQ, for raw VLW) and a disparity index (for VLW-to-GDP ratios).

Results:

The national CHD-related VLW derived from DALYs was estimated at USD 16.83 billion (US DOT), USD 11.41 billion (OECD-based), and USD 9.03 billion (wage-based). West Java recorded the highest provincial VLW (USD 1.60 billion), followed by East Java (USD 0.83 billion), North Sumatra (USD 0.80 billion), and Central Java (USD 0.79 billion), indicating a concentration of burden in populous provinces. In contrast, Yogyakarta (USD 0.04 billion), North Kalimantan (USD 0.04 billion), and West Papua (USD 0.06 billion) had the lowest estimates. In several provinces, male-attributed VLW was over 150% higher than female VLW, with extreme gaps observed in Riau Islands (281.25%), Aceh (166.10%), and Banten (145.86%). These patterns were consistent across both DALY- and YLL-based estimates. Based on the LQ, provinces such as Papua (2.42), West Sulawesi (2.37), Maluku (1.78), East Nusa Tenggara (1.75), and Central Sulawesi (1.66) bore VLW burdens far greater than their population share. The burden was disproportionately high in several eastern provinces, such as East Nusa Tenggara (3.35%), Maluku (2.61%), and West Sulawesi (2.66%).

Conclusions:

CHD is a macroeconomically manageable burden across most of Indonesia. However, the presence of deep gender disparities and geographically concentrated burden in eastern and underserved provinces calls for targeted pediatric cardiac health investments.