JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

The integration of Socially Assistive Robots (SARs) in healthcare settings has been increasingly explored as a solution to address workforce shortages and enhance care delivery. While research on SARs’ impact on patients has grown, less attention has been paid to the perspectives of healthcare professionals (HCPs), who are crucial to successful implementation.

Objective:

This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing literature on HCPs’ acceptance, perceptions, and challenges regarding the clinical implementation of SARs, with emphasis on educational needs, ethical concerns, and operational feasibility.

Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 12 databases and ProQuest Dissertations from March to April 2025. Studies were included if they involved HCPs and examined their views on SARs using qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-method designs. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) were used for quality assessment. A narrative synthesis approach was employed due to methodological heterogeneity.

Results:

Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria: six qualitative, six quantitative, and four mixed methods, encompassing data from 4,502 HCPs across 11 countries. Findings revealed generally positive attitudes toward SARs, particularly regarding their ability to reduce workload, improve efficiency, and support patient well-being. However, concerns were noted about emotional limitations, professional role ambiguity, and ethical implications. Key determinants of acceptance included trust, usability, ethical acceptability, and prior technological experience. Educational gaps were identified in AI literacy, technical operation, and ethical awareness. Implementation success was linked to contextual adaptation, participatory design, and robust governance structures.

Conclusions:

SARs hold promise for enhancing clinical care, yet their successful integration depends on overcoming technological, ethical, and professional barriers. Targeted training, ethical framework, and organizational support are critical to building trust and ensuring sustainable adoption. Tailored strategies that account for professional roles, experience levels, and contextual needs are essential. Future research should address long-term outcomes and promote interdisciplinary, context-sensitive models to advance the effective and ethical use of SARs in healthcare. Clinical Trial: This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251079714).