JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

The high number of mental disorders poses challenges for healthcare systems. In 2020, digital health applications (DHA) were introduced in Germany as a new form of healthcare financed by the statutory health insurance. They aim to detect, monitor, treat, or alleviate disease, injury, or disability. DHA for mental disorders (DHA-MD) intend to improve outpatient care for patients with mental disorders. However, evidence on general practitioners (GP) perspectives on DHA-MD and their prescribing behavior is limited.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to analyze GPs’ perspectives on DHA-MD and their prescribing behavior in the care of patients with mental disorders.

Methods:

A mixed methods study was conducted (January - October 2024), including a Germany-wide online survey and qualitative interviews with GPs and medical assistants (MA). Sampling was conducted in collaboration with German research practice networks, which distributed the study invitation to their affiliated GPs. The questionnaire as well as the interview guides for GPs and MAs were developed by the study team according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Descriptive analyses of prescribing behavior and perceived need (measured on an 11-point scale) for DHA-MD were conducted, followed by multivariate regression analyses to identify predictors of prescribing behavior and perceived need for DHA-MD. The interviews with GPs and MAs were analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring.

Results:

A sample of 149 GPs participated, 12 GPs and 5 MA were interviewed. The median prescription frequency of DHA-MD per quarter was 1 whereas the median estimated need was 3. Working in a half digitized/half paper-based practice (OR = 5.133, 95% CI [1.695 – 15.542]) as well as working in a completely digitized practice (OR = 3.006, 95% CI [1.296 - 6.969]) positively predicted the prescribing behavior. The duration of GPs’ medical practice (b = -.057, P = .013) negatively predicted the perceived need, while working in a group practice (b = .980, P = .02) positively predicted the perceived need for DHA-MD. In the interviews, GPs and MAs reported they valued DHA-MD as a temporary or supplementary option for bridging waiting times for psychotherapy and considered their effectiveness to be highly dependent on indication and patient adherence. Reported barriers of GPs according to DHA-MD included lacking knowledge about DHA-MD, missing effectiveness studies, and difficulties integrating them into existing care processes.

Conclusions:

GPs are reluctant to prescribe DHA-MD, as the need is considered to be low and their use is primarily seen as a temporary or supplementary treatment option rather than a standalone intervention. There are significant reasons for rejection and barriers that hinder prescription in primary care. Addressing these barriers and involving GPs as well as patients in future research is essential for the development of DHA-MD.