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Accepted for/Published in: JMIR Human Factors

Date Submitted: Jan 19, 2025
Date Accepted: Dec 16, 2025

The final, peer-reviewed published version of this preprint can be found here:

Adolescent Perceptions of an Online Safety Chatbot: Survey Study

Charles M, Sauer JD, Roehrer E, Prichard J, Watters P, Scanlan J

Adolescent Perceptions of an Online Safety Chatbot: Survey Study

JMIR Hum Factors 2026;13:e71498

DOI: 10.2196/71498

PMID: 41678800

PMCID: 12946778

Adolescent Perceptions of an Online Safety Chatbot: Survey Study

  • Meriel Charles; 
  • James D. Sauer; 
  • Erin Roehrer; 
  • Jeremy Prichard; 
  • Paul Watters; 
  • Joel Scanlan

ABSTRACT

Background:

Adolescents face a variety of potential harms in the online environment, including exposure to distressing illegal material, cyberbullying, image-based abuse, and ‘sextortion’. Various agencies provide on-demand helpline and information services for children and adolescents to support them with navigating online (and offline) harms.

Objective:

This study examined whether a chat-based conversational agent (chatbot) might be a useful additional tool for meeting the needs of adolescents at risk from online harms. We developed a prototype chatbot – including both conversational and menu-driven user options – and evaluated users’ trust in the system. In this context, trust relates to perceptions of the system’s usability and the value of the information/support it provides.

Methods:

Participants (n = 224; mean age =16.8 years) interacted with the chatbot systems and evaluated the systems in terms of user trust: perceived usability and utility (i.e., relevance of support resources provided).

Results:

Most participants (63%) showed a willingness to click on the chatbots’ recommended support links. Participants with higher trust in the chatbots were more likely to click the links for recommended support services (BF10 > 100), and participants who clicked the links, compared with those who did not, reported higher rates of positive attitudes towards their decision (extreme evidence, BF10 > 100). The conversational and menu-driven chatbots differed little in perceived trust or effectiveness.

Conclusions:

Chatbots represent a promising additional tool to help adolescents access mental health related support services and navigate online harms. However, establishing trust is critical. Clinical Trial: NA


 Citation

Please cite as:

Charles M, Sauer JD, Roehrer E, Prichard J, Watters P, Scanlan J

Adolescent Perceptions of an Online Safety Chatbot: Survey Study

JMIR Hum Factors 2026;13:e71498

DOI: 10.2196/71498

PMID: 41678800

PMCID: 12946778

Per the author's request the PDF is not available.

© The authors. All rights reserved. This is a privileged document currently under peer-review/community review (or an accepted/rejected manuscript). Authors have provided JMIR Publications with an exclusive license to publish this preprint on it's website for review and ahead-of-print citation purposes only. While the final peer-reviewed paper may be licensed under a cc-by license on publication, at this stage authors and publisher expressively prohibit redistribution of this draft paper other than for review purposes.