JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Understating the factors influencing food choice is critical for developing effective strategies to promote healthier eating habits, and creating policies that support public health. Attentional bias, the inclination to focus attention on specific stimuli, plays a significant role in shaping food preferences by affecting how individuals perceive and react to various food-related elements. Various methodologies exist to examine attentional bias, including the dot-probe task, which measures reaction times to probes appearing after paired stimuli (e.g., novel vs familiar food images); eye-tracking, which tracks gaze patterns and fixations to determine visual attention; and electroencephalography (EEG), which records brain activity, capturing early and late neural responses (e.g., N100, P300) linked to attention processing; however, integrated approaches combining these methods to assess bias toward familiar vs. novel foods remain underexplored.

Objective:

To examine differences in attention toward familiar versus novel food stimuli using integrated eye-tracking, dot-probe, and EEG methods, and to explore associations with self-reported food choice.

Methods:

A total of forty healthy adult participants will be recruited. Participants will be presented with pairs of familiar and novel food images, while their visual attention and brain activity are recorded concurrently. Eye-tracking metrics, including time to first fixation (TTFF) and total fixation duration (TFD), will be used to assess visual attention. EEG data will be collected to measure the amplitude of event-related potential (ERP) components, such as P300 and N100, associated with attentional processing. Reaction times (RTs) will also be recorded as a behavioral measure of attentional engagement with familiar versus novel food items. Data analysis will involve repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to examine the effects of food familiarity/novelty on attentional bias metrics. Correlation analyses will also be conducted to explore the relationships between eye-tracking, EEG, and dot--probe measures.

Results:

This study was approved by The Ethics Committee of the IRAN University of Medical Sciences in February 2021, and funded in January 2022. Data collection began in November 2022 and is expected to complete in July 2025. As of the submission of this manuscript, 36 individuals have been recruited. Data analysis has not yet commenced, but it is planned to begin upon the completion of data collection. The results are anticipated to be published by December 2025. Protocol has been registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/ctfyb/) in September 2024.

Conclusions:

The main outcome of this study is identifying differences in attentional bias metrics toward familiar versus novel food stimuli at different presentation times. These findings will provide preliminary data into the application of an integrated approach for capturing attentional bias to food-based stimuli based on their familiarity or novelty, and how these biases may be linked to food choice behaviors. Clinical Trial: Protocol has been registered with the Open Science Framework (osf.io/ctfyb/) in September 2024.