JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background The study of supercentenarians (individuals aged 110 years or older) offers valuable insights into aging, longevity, and the factors contributing to exceptional lifespans. These individuals often exhibit extraordinary cognitive and physical performance, which can inform strategies to improve the health of the general population. Research on centenarians (aged 100+), semi-supercentenarians (aged 105-109), and supercentenarians covers themes like genetic factors, microbiome, inflammation, diet, lifestyle, and psychological aspects. However, these studies are often primarily focused on certain aspects of extreme longevity, with different objectives and outcomes, underscoring the need for a comprehensive approach to understanding this demographic. Objectives This systematic review aims to synthesize existing evidence to understand the determinants of extreme longevity, focusing on individuals living beyond 105 years. Specifically, the review seeks to identify genetic factors associated with semi-supercentenarians and supercentenarians, explore how socio-ecological factors contribute to their longevity, and assess common themes such as health, functional capacity, cognition, mental health, behaviors, social support, quality of life, personality traits, environmental factors, and religiosity among supercentenarians. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the methods and assessment tools used in studies on extreme longevity and analyze trends and patterns in the demographics of supercentenarians globally. Methods This systematic review follows PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the Population Exposure Outcome (PEO) framework. It includes observational and interventional quantitative and qualitative studies on supercentenarians and semi-supercentenarians. Data will be sourced from databases like Scopus, PubMed, Proquest, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library. The selection process involves abstract and full-text screening by two independent reviewers, with data extraction focusing on study characteristics, participant demographics, interventions or exposures, and key findings. A thematic analysis will identify patterns across various themes, and the risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Results As of July 2, 2024, seven databases were searched, yielding 844 studies. After removing duplicates, 706 studies remained. Following the first and second screening stages, 135 studies were found eligible. Conclusion By synthesizing evidence, this study will address critical issues, evaluate assessment tools, and understand the global scope of supercentenarians. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to the body of knowledge on longevity, informing future research and public health policies. This comprehensive analysis aims to enhance understanding of factors promoting healthy aging and extreme longevity, benefiting broader public health initiatives. PROSPERO registration: CRD42024512298