JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Recruitment of demographically diverse samples in clinical research is often challenging and even more so during the COVID-19 pandemic when traditional, in-person recruitment methods could not be implemented. Social media platforms offer an alternative approach for recruiting diverse samples of participants for clinical trials, including those testing digital health interventions. This approach allowed for a quicker recruitment process without the physical constraints associated with traditional, in-person methods.

Objective:

To detail the online and social media campaigns used to recruit participants for DIAMANTE, an RCT testing a smartphone-based intervention (a text messaging system that uses machine learning to personalize content) to increase physical activity for patients with diabetes and depression. In describing the recruitment process, we seek to offer insights to the research community on recruitment via online and social media advertisements for diverse communities

Methods:

This study sought to recruit demographically diverse individuals in the U.S. via social media, including paid advertisements on Craigslist and Facebook. For the DIAMANTE project recruitment, we created 18 personas that mapped into the population’s target demographics using a User Centered Design methodology. We deployed targeted ads on Craigslist and Facebook in 78 cities based on county-level demographics and diabetes prevalence data to target diverse individuals aged 18–75 years who had been diagnosed with diabetes and had documented depressive symptoms.

Results:

1,379 individuals completed the study’s initial screening survey. Of those, 71 respondents on Facebook and 508 on Craiglist were interested in enrolling in our study. 26 out of 58 eligible respondents from Facebook and 50 out of 235 eligible respondents from Craigslist were eventually recruited in the RCT. In all, both platforms showed poor performance in recruiting Spanish speakers, with Facebook advertisements accounting for zero and Craiglist for four of such participants. When it came to English speakers, Craigslist proved to be the better performing platform compared to Facebook, both in terms of reach (579 vs. 71) and cost-effectiveness ($80.16 in average cost per recruited participant vs. $67.61).

Conclusions:

Results from this study revealed that it is possible to recruit diverse sample sets utilizing social media and online advertisements. However, despite targeted recruitment efforts, social media recruitment of Spanish speakers proved especially challenging and costly. Further research is needed to determine systematic, online methods for recruiting marginalized communities. Clinical Trial: CLINICALTRIAL Registry: clinicaltrials.gov Registration Number: NCT 03490253 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03490253?view=record