JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Assessing a patient’s suicide risk is challenging for health professionals because it depends on voluntary disclosure by the patient and often has limited resources. The application of novel machine learning approaches to determine suicide risk has clinical utility.

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches to the assessment of suicidality based on acoustic voice features of psychiatric patients using artificial intelligence.

Methods:

We collected 348 voice recordings during clinical interviews from 104 patients diagnosed with mood disorders at baseline and 2, 4, 8, and 12 months after recruitment. Suicidality was assessed with the Beck’s Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), and suicidal behavior with the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS). Acoustic features of the voice, including temporal, formal, and spectral features, were extracted from the recordings. A between-person classification model that examines the vocal characteristics of individuals cross-sectionally to detect individuals at high risk for suicide and a within-person classification model that detects significant worsening of suicidality based on changes in acoustic features within an individual were developed and compared. Internal validation was performed using 10-fold cross validation of audio data from baseline to 2-month and external validation was performed using data from 2 to 4-months.

Results:

A combined set of 12 acoustic features and three demographic variables (age, gender, and past suicide attempts) were included in the deep neural network algorithm for the between-person classification model. Thirteen acoustic features were included in the extreme gradient boosting machine learning algorithm for the within-person model. The between-person classifier was able to detect high suicidality with 69% accuracy, whereas the within-person model was able to predict worsening suicidality over two months with 79% accuracy. The second model showed 62% accuracy in predicting increased suicidality in the external sets.

Conclusions:

Within-person analysis using changes in acoustic features within an individual is a promising approach for detecting increased suicidality. Automated analysis of voice can be used to support real-time assessment of suicide risk in primary care or telemedicine.