Accepted for/Published in: JMIR mHealth and uHealth
Date Submitted: Dec 12, 2020
Date Accepted: Apr 12, 2021
Warning: This is an author submission that is not peer-reviewed or edited. Preprints - unless they show as "accepted" - should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.
Sleep detection for younger adults, healthy older adults, and older adults living with dementia using wrist-worn temperature and actigraphy
ABSTRACT
Background:
Sleep is essential to one’s health and quality of life. Wearable technologies that use motion and temperature sensors have made it possible to self-monitor sleep. While there is a growing body of research on sleep monitoring using wearables for healthy young-to-middle-aged adults, few studies have focused on older adults, including those living with dementia.
Objective:
This research investigated how age and dementia can impact sleep detection by movement and wrist temperature.
Methods:
10 younger adults, 10 healthy older adults, and 8 older adults living with dementia (OAWD) were recruited. Each participant wore a Mi Band 2 (accemetry-based sleep detection) and our custom-built wristband (actigraphy and wrist temperature) 24-hours a day for two weeks and was asked to keep a daily sleep journal. Sleep parameters detected by the Mi Band 2 were compared with sleep journals and visual analysis of actigraphy and temperature data was performed.
Results:
The absolute difference of sleep onset and offset between the sleep journals and Mi Band 2 were: 0:39 ± 0:51 min and 0:31 ± 0:52 min for younger adults, 0:49 ± 0:58 min and 0:33 ± 0:58 min for older adults, and 4:13 ± 1:14 and 2:41 ± 1:06 for OAWD. The Mi Band 2 was unable to accurately detect sleep for three healthy older adults and all of the OAWD. The average Sleep/Wake temperature difference (SWTD) of OAWD (1.26 ± 0.76 ℃) was significantly lower than that of healthy older adults (2.04 ± 0.66 ℃) and healthy younger adults (2.48 ± 0.83 ℃). Actigraphy data showed that older adults had more movement during sleep compared to younger adults and that this trend appears to increase for those with dementia.
Conclusions:
The Mi Band 2 did not accurately detect sleep for older adults who had greater levels of night time movement. As more nighttime movement appears to be a phenomenon that increases in prevalence with age and even more so with dementia, further research needs to be done with a larger sample size and greater diversity of commercially available wearables to explore these trends more conclusively. All participants, including older adults and OAWD, had a distinct day/night (sleep/awake) wrist temperature contrast, which suggests this feature could be leveraged to create more robust and broadly applicable sleep detection algorithms.
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Copyright
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