Accepted for/Published in: Journal of Medical Internet Research
Date Submitted: Mar 31, 2020
Date Accepted: Apr 27, 2020
Stratification of Individual Symptoms of Contact Lens-Associated Dry Eye: A Crowdsourced Study Using iPhone Application DryEyeRhythm
ABSTRACT
Background:
Discontinuation of contact lens use is mainly caused by contact lens-associated dry eye. It is crucial to delineate contact lens-associated dry eye's multifaceted nature to tailor treatment to each patient’s individual needs for future personalized medicine.
Objective:
To quantify and stratify individual subjective symptoms of contact lens-associated dry eye and clarify its risk factors for future personalized medicine using the smartphone application, “DryEyeRhythm.”
Methods:
This cross-sectional study included iPhone users in Japan who downloaded DryEyeRhythm. DryEyeRhythm was used to collect medical big data related to contact lens-associated dry eye between November 2016 and January 2018. The main outcome measure was the incidence of contact lens-associated dry eye. Univariate and multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of risk factors for contact lens-associated dry eye were determined by logistic regression analyses. The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding was used to depict the stratification of subjective symptoms of contact lens-associated dry eye.
Results:
Records of 4,454 individuals (median age, 27.9 ± 12.6 years; female, 66.7%) who completed all surveys were included in this study; among the included participants, 1,844 were using contact lenses, and 1,447 (78.5%) had contact lens-associated dry eye. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of risk factors for contact lens-associated dry eye were as follows: younger age, 0.98 (0.96–0.99); female sex, 1.53 (1.05–2.24); hay fever, 1.38 (1.10–1.74); mental illness other than depression or schizophrenia, 2.51 (1.13–5.57); past dry eye diagnosis, 2.21 (1.63–2.99); extended screen exposure time > 8 hours, 1.61 (1.13–2.28); and smoking, 2.07 (1.49–2.88). The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding analysis visualized and stratified 14 groups based on the subjective symptoms of contact lens-associated dry eye.
Conclusions:
This study identified and stratified individuals with contact lens-associated dry eye and its risk factors. Data on subjective symptoms of contact lens-associated dry eye could be used for prospective prevention of contact lens-associated dry eye progression. Clinical Trial: N/A
Citation
Request queued. Please wait while the file is being generated. It may take some time.
Copyright
© The authors. All rights reserved. This is a privileged document currently under peer-review/community review (or an accepted/rejected manuscript). Authors have provided JMIR Publications with an exclusive license to publish this preprint on it's website for review and ahead-of-print citation purposes only. While the final peer-reviewed paper may be licensed under a cc-by license on publication, at this stage authors and publisher expressively prohibit redistribution of this draft paper other than for review purposes.