JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Numeric anchoring occurs when exposure to a numeric quantity biases a person’s subsequent judgment involving other quantities. This could be applicable to the evaluation of pain, where exposure to an unrelated number prior to evaluation of pain could influence pain ratings.

Objective:

This study aimed to determine whether exposure to a random numeric anchor influences subsequent pain intensity ratings of a hypothetical patient.

Methods:

In this study, 385 participants read a vignette describing a patient with chronic pain before being randomly assigned to one of four groups. Groups 1 and 2 spun an 11-wedge number wheel (0-10) that was, unbeknownst to the participants, programmed to stop on a high number (‘8’) or a low number (‘2’), respectively. Group 3 spun a similar letter wheel (A-K) that stopped on ‘C’ or ‘I’ (Control 1). Group 4 did not spin a wheel (Control 2). Participants were then asked to rate the patient’s pain intensity using a 0-10 numeric rating scale.

Results:

The high-number group rated the patient’s pain (Median ± IQR = 8 ± 2) significantly higher than the letter wheel control (Median ± IQR = 7 ± 2, p < .05) and the low-number group (Median ± IQR = 6 ± 2, p < .001). The low-number group rated the pain significantly lower than Control 1 and 2 (Median ± IQR = 7 ± 2) (both p < .05).

Conclusions:

Pain ratings were influenced by prior exposure to a random number with no relevant information about the patient’s pain, indicating anchoring had occurred. However, contrary to the traditional definition of anchoring where anchoring occurs even when participants are unaware of the anchor's influence, in this study the anchoring effect was seen only in participants who believed that they had been influenced by the anchor. This suggests that anchoring effects could potentially occur among health care providers, tasked with evaluating patient pain and should be evaluated further.