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Accepted for/Published in: Journal of Medical Internet Research

Date Submitted: Aug 3, 2026
Date Accepted: Aug 10, 2026

The final, peer-reviewed published version of this preprint can be found here:

Closing the Solidarity Gap Requires Closing the Accountability Gap for Patient-Facing AI

Galatzan BJ, Dudding KM, Johnson EA

Closing the Solidarity Gap Requires Closing the Accountability Gap for Patient-Facing AI

J Med Internet Res 2026;28:e108685

DOI: 10.2196/108685

PMID: 42710025

Closing the Solidarity Gap Requires Closing the Accountability Gap for Patient-Facing AI: Commentary on ‘Solidarity or Segregation? ChatGPT Health and US Health Care Disparities

  • Benjamin J Galatzan; 
  • Katherine M Dudding; 
  • Elizabeth A Johnson

ABSTRACT

This commentary extends Barnhart et al’s discussion of the solidarity gap associated with patient-facing artificial intelligence by examining gaps in governance and risk allocation, healthcare professionals’ responsibilities in practice, and opportunities for professional stewardship and advocacy. We argue that equitable implementation requires shared accountability and meaningful healthcare professional participation in the design, evaluation, reimbursement, governance, and oversight of patient-facing AI before ambiguity results in patient harm.


 Citation

Please cite as:

Galatzan BJ, Dudding KM, Johnson EA

Closing the Solidarity Gap Requires Closing the Accountability Gap for Patient-Facing AI

J Med Internet Res 2026;28:e108685

DOI: 10.2196/108685

PMID: 42710025

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