JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Predictive modelling is important for health data analysis and data-driven clinical decision-making. However, predictive studies are challenging to design optimally by hand when tens or even hundreds of features require selection, transformation, or interaction modelling. While complex machine learning models offer high performance, their "black-box" nature limits the clinical trust, transparency, and interpretability required for decision-making.

Objective:

The objective of our study was to develop an explainable Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based framework that provides data-driven feature-related recommendations, which, once incorporated, improve predictive performance of existing interpretable statistical models on high-dimensional data.

Methods:

We developed and evaluated an Exploratory AI Recommender that provides data-driven recommendations to improve predictive performance of existing interpretable statistical models. The developed framework uses flexible AI modelling to capture complex data patterns and explainable AI techniques to translate the patterns into three recommendation types: feature exclusion, non-linear terms, and feature interactions. We evaluate the framework by comparing predictive performance of a baseline (i.e., no interactions or non-linear terms) Cox Proportional Hazards (CPH) model against an augmented CPH incorporating recommendations suggested by our method.

Results:

The primary analysis predicts the time to the first occurrence of a fall or related injury in 245,614 patients (mean age 67 ± 12 years). Our method recommended excluding 23 features, including non-linear terms for two features, and including 221 suggested feature interactions. The C-index improved from 0.805 (95% CI 0.798-0.812) to 0.815 (95% CI 0.809-0.822), and so did calibration (intercept: -0.006 to 0.003; slope: 1.063 to 0.950). All recommendations were supported by existing literature. The method also proved effective on two additional public datasets, demonstrating wider applicability.

Conclusions:

The proposed Exploratory AI Recommender demonstrates the potential of explainable AI and data-driven study design to improve the process of developing, and the performance of high-dimensional transparent predictive models.