Maintenance Notice

Due to necessary scheduled maintenance, the JMIR Publications website will be unavailable from Wednesday, July 01, 2020 at 8:00 PM to 10:00 PM EST. We apologize in advance for any inconvenience this may cause you.

Who will be affected?

Accepted for/Published in: JMIR Research Protocols

Date Submitted: Jul 7, 2025
Date Accepted: Mar 31, 2026

The final, peer-reviewed published version of this preprint can be found here:

Efficacy of Extended Time on Exams for College Students and Applicants With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Randomized, Counterbalanced Crossover and Within-Subject Trial

Malcon L, Gomes A, Bezerra Falcão A, Bonganhi de Bem Ã, Grevet F, Wagner F, Duarte I, Barbedo L, Schneider M, Hoffmann M, Oliveira de Castro S, Rohde LA, Caye A

Efficacy of Extended Time on Exams for College Students and Applicants With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Randomized, Counterbalanced Crossover and Within-Subject Trial

JMIR Res Protoc 2026;15:e80271

DOI: 10.2196/80271

PMID: 42235056

Efficacy of Extended Time in Exams for College Students and Applicants with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a randomized, counterbalanced crossover/within-subject trial

  • Lui Malcon; 
  • Alice Gomes; 
  • Arthur Bezerra Falcão; 
  • Érica Bonganhi de Bem; 
  • Felipe Grevet; 
  • Flávia Wagner; 
  • Igor Duarte; 
  • Leonardo Barbedo; 
  • Maitê Schneider; 
  • Maurício Hoffmann; 
  • Sophia Oliveira de Castro; 
  • Luis Augusto Rohde; 
  • Arthur Caye

ABSTRACT

Background:

Extended time on academic exams is one of the most frequently granted accommodations for students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, there is a lack of empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness, particularly in the college population.

Objective:

To assess the efficacy and specificity of extended test time as an accommodation for college and college-prospective students with ADHD.

Methods:

This study will employ a randomized, counterbalanced crossover/within-subject experimental design, utilizing convenience sampling to recruit participants. All participants will undergo clinical and neuropsychological assessments to confirm their diagnostic status and cognitive performance. Following these assessments, participants will be randomized to sequentially complete three versions of a test modeled on the Brazilian National High School Exam (ENEM), under standard time conditions, with 25% extra time, and with 50% extra time.

Results:

Data collection started on August 2023. As of February 2026, we enrolled 103 participants.

Conclusions:

The study will be the first of its kind outside the United States, and one of the first to investigate the effectiveness of extended testing time at different dosages in the college population. Findings will provide insights into the impact of extended time accommodations in a distinct academic system, addressing gaps in previous research, such as different intervention doses and predictors of effectiveness.


 Citation

Please cite as:

Malcon L, Gomes A, Bezerra Falcão A, Bonganhi de Bem Ã, Grevet F, Wagner F, Duarte I, Barbedo L, Schneider M, Hoffmann M, Oliveira de Castro S, Rohde LA, Caye A

Efficacy of Extended Time on Exams for College Students and Applicants With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Protocol for a Randomized, Counterbalanced Crossover and Within-Subject Trial

JMIR Res Protoc 2026;15:e80271

DOI: 10.2196/80271

PMID: 42235056

Download PDF


Request queued. Please wait while the file is being generated. It may take some time.

© The authors. All rights reserved. This is a privileged document currently under peer-review/community review (or an accepted/rejected manuscript). Authors have provided JMIR Publications with an exclusive license to publish this preprint on it's website for review and ahead-of-print citation purposes only. While the final peer-reviewed paper may be licensed under a cc-by license on publication, at this stage authors and publisher expressively prohibit redistribution of this draft paper other than for review purposes.