JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Assessing complex and multifaceted symptoms of patients with acute psychiatric disorders proves significantly challenging for clinicians. Moreover, the staff in acute psychiatric wards face high work intensity and risk of burnout, yet research on the introduction of digital technologies in this field remains limited. The combination of continuous and objective wearable sensor data acquired from patients with deep learning techniques holds potential to overcome the limitations of traditional psychiatric assessments and support clinical decision-making.

Objective:

We aimed to develop and validate wearable–based deep learning models to comprehensively predict patient symptoms across various acute psychiatric wards in South Korea.

Methods:

Participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and mood disorders were recruited from four wards across three hospitals and prospectively observed using wrist-worn wearable devices during their admission period. Trained raters conducted periodic clinical assessments using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and Young Mania Rating Scale. Wearable devices collected patients’ heart rate, accelerometer, and location data. Deep learning models were developed to predict psychiatric symptoms using two distinct approaches: single symptoms individually (Single) and multiple symptoms simultaneously via multitask learning (Multi). These models further addressed two problems: within-subject relative changes (Deterioration) and between-subject absolute severity (Score). Four configurations were consequently developed for each scale: Single-Deterioration, Single-Score, Multi-Deterioration, and Multi-Score. Data of participants recruited before May 1, 2024, underwent cross-validation, and the resulting fine-tuned models were then externally validated using data of the remaining participants.

Results:

Of the 244 enrolled participants, 191 (3,954 person-days) were included in the final analysis after applying the exclusion criteria. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants, as well as the distribution of sensor data, showed considerable variations across wards and hospitals. Data of 139 participants were used for cross-validation, while data of 52 participants were used for external validation. The Single-Deterioration and Multi-Deterioration models achieved similar overall accuracy values of 0.75 in cross-validation and 0.73 in external validation. The Single-Score and Multi-Score models attained overall R² values of 0.78 and 0.83 in cross-validation and 0.66 and 0.74 in external validation, respectively, with the Multi model demonstrating superior performance.

Conclusions:

Deep learning models based on wearable sensor data effectively classified symptom deterioration and predicted symptom severity in participants in acute psychiatric wards. Despite lower computational costs, Multi models demonstrated equivalent or superior performance than Single models, suggesting that multitask learning is a promising approach for comprehensive symptom prediction. However, significant variations were observed across wards, which presents a key challenge for developing clinical decision support systems in acute psychiatric wards. Future studies may benefit from recurring local validation or federated learning to address generalizability issues.