JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Health misinformation, prevalent in social media, poses a significant threat to individuals, particularly those dealing with serious illnesses such as cancer. The current recommendations for users on how to avoid cancer misinformation are challenging because they require users to have research skills. This study addresses this problem by identifying user-friendly characteristics of misinformation to help users flag misinformation in social media. Using a structured review of the literature on algorithmic misinformation detection across political, social, and computer science, we assembled linguistic characteristics associated with misinformation. We then collected datasets by mining X/Twitter posts using keywords related to unproven cancer therapies and cancer center usernames. This search, coupled with manual labeling, allowed us to create a dataset with misinformation and two control datasets. We used natural language processing to model linguistic characteristics within these datasets. Two experiments with two control datasets employed predictive modeling and Lasso regression to evaluate the effectiveness of linguistic characteristics in identifying misinformation. User-friendly linguistic characteristics were extracted from 88 articles. The short-listed characteristics did not yield optimal results in the first experiment but predicted misinformation with an accuracy of 73% in the second experiment. The linguistic characteristics that consistently negatively predicted misinformation included tentative language, location, URLs, and hashtags, while numbers, absolute language, and certainty expressions consistently predicted misinformation positively. This analysis resulted in user-friendly recommendations, such as exercising caution when encountering social media posts featuring unwavering assurances or specific numbers lacking references. Future studies should test the efficacy of the recommendations among information users.