Accepted for/Published in: JMIR mHealth and uHealth
Date Submitted: Jan 9, 2024
Open Peer Review Period: Jan 5, 2024 - Jan 24, 2024
Date Accepted: Feb 29, 2024
Date Submitted to PubMed: Mar 5, 2024
(closed for review but you can still tweet)
The Association Between Macronutrient Consumption and Body Mass Index to Exhaled Carbon Dioxide in Lumen users: A Retrospective Real-World Study
ABSTRACT
Background:
Metabolic flexibility is the ability of the body to rapidly switch between fuel sources (carbohydrates and fats). High metabolic flexibility is associated with improved health outcomes and reduced risk of several metabolic disorders. Lumen is a small handheld device that measures metabolic fuel usage via exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2).
Objective:
This retrospective study aims to examine the postprandial CO2 response to meals logged by Lumen users and its relationship with macronutrient intake and body mass index (BMI).
Methods:
We analyzed deidentified data from 2,607 Lumen users who logged their meals and measured their exhaled CO2 before and after those meals. A linear mixed model was fitted to test the association between several parameters and the postprandial CO2 response, followed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results:
The model demonstrated significant associations (P<.001) between CO2 response after meals and both BMI and carbohydrate intake (BMI: β=–0.112, 95% CI –0.156 to –0.069; carbohydrates: β=0.046, 95% CI 0.034 to 0.058). In addition, two-way ANOVA revealed that higher carbohydrate intake resulted in higher CO2 response compared to low carbohydrate intake (F=24.23, P<.001), and users with high BMI showed modest response to meals compared to low BMI (F=5.88, P=.003).
Conclusions:
These results highlight a distinct pattern of reduced metabolic flexibility in obese users and demonstrate Lumen's value as a tool for assessing postprandial metabolic flexibility.
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Copyright
© The authors. All rights reserved. This is a privileged document currently under peer-review/community review (or an accepted/rejected manuscript). Authors have provided JMIR Publications with an exclusive license to publish this preprint on it's website for review and ahead-of-print citation purposes only. While the final peer-reviewed paper may be licensed under a cc-by license on publication, at this stage authors and publisher expressively prohibit redistribution of this draft paper other than for review purposes.