Accepted for/Published in: JMIR Human Factors
Date Submitted: Oct 14, 2022
Date Accepted: Jan 24, 2023
Linking Activity Theory within User‐Centred Design: A Digital Health Framework to Inform Design & Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems in Pharmacy
ABSTRACT
Background:
Background:
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may cause serious injuries including death. Timely reporting of ADRs may play a significant role in patient safety; however, underreporting exists. Improving the electronic communication of ADR information to regulators and between healthcare providers has the potential to reduce recurrent ADRs and improve patient safety.
Objective:
Objectives: The main objectives were to explore the low rate of ADR reporting by Community Pharmacists (CPs) in Australia evaluate the usability of an existing reporting system and how this knowledge may influence the design of subsequent electronic ADR reporting systems.
Methods:
Methods:
The study was carried out in two stages, stage one involved qualitative semi-structured interviews to identify CPs perceived barriers and facilitators to ADR reporting. Data was analysed by thematic analysis and identified themes were subsequently aligned to the Task-Technology Fit (TTF) framework. The second stage involved a usability evaluation of a commercial online ADR reporting system. A structured interview protocol that combined virtual observation, think-aloud moderating techniques, retrospective questioning of the overall user experience and a System Usability Scale (SUS). The field notes from the interviews were subjected to thematic analysis.
Results:
Results:
12 CPs were interviewed in stage 1 and 7 CPs participated in stage 2. The interview findings show that CPs are willing to report ADRs, but face barriers from environmental, organisational and IT infrastructures. Increasing ADR awareness, improving workplace-practices and implementing user focused electronic reporting systems were seen as facilitators to ADR reporting. User testing of an existing system resulted in an above average usability (SUS 68.57); however, functional and user interpretation issues were identified. Design elements such as a drop-down menu, free-text entry, checkbox and pre-filled data fields were perceived to be extremely useful for navigating the system and facilitate ADR reporting.
Conclusions:
Conclusions:
Existing reporting systems are not suited to report ADRs, adapted to workflow and are rarely used by CPs. Our study uncovered important contextual information for design of future ADR reporting interventions. Based on our study, a multifaceted, theory‐guided, user-centered and best practice approach to design, implementations and evaluation may be critical for successful adoption of ADR reporting electronic interventions and patient safety. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of theory driven frameworks used in the design and implementation of ADR reporting systems.
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Copyright
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