JMIR Publications

ABSTRACT

Background:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing detects sexually transmitted infection with oncogenic types of HPV. For many HPV-positive women, this result has negative connotations. It produces anxiety, fear of cancer or death, and disease denial. Face-to-face counseling could present many difficulties in its implementation but a counseling mobile-app could be practical and may help HPV-positive women reduce the psychosocial impact of the result, improve their knowledge on HPV and cervical cancer, and increase adherence to follow-up.

Objective:

This study aimed to understand HPV-tested women’s perceptions about an app as a tool to receive information and support to reduce the emotional impact of HPV-positive results. We investigated their preferences regarding app design, content, and framing.

Methods:

We conducted formative research based on a user-centered design approach. We carried out 29 individual online interviews with HPV-positive women aged 30 and over, and four focus groups with women through a virtual platform (n=19). We shared a draft of the app's potential screens with a provisional label of the possible content, options menus, draft illustrations, and wording. This allowed us to give women understandable triggers to debate the concepts involved in each screen. The draft content and labels were developed drawing from Health Belief Model (HBM) and Integrative Behavioral Model’s (IBM) variables and findings of mHealth literature. We used a focus group guide to generate data for the information architecture (i.e., how to organize contents into features). We carried out thematic analysis using constructs from the HBM and IBM to identify content preferences and turn them into app features. We used the RQDA package of R software for data processing.

Results:

We found that participants required more information regarding the procedures they had received, what HPV-positive means, what the causes of HPV are and its consequences on their sexuality. The women mentioned fear of the disease and stated they had concerns and misconceptions, such as believing that HPV-positive is a synonym for cancer. They accepted the app as a tool to obtain information and to reduce fears related to HPV-positive results. They would use a mobile app under doctor or health authority recommendation. The women did not agree with the draft organization of screens and contents. They believed the app should first offer information on HPV and then provide customized content according to the users’ needs. The app should provide information via videos with experts and testimonies of other HPV-positive women and suggested a medical appointment reminder feature. The app should also offer information through illustrations, or infographics, but not pictures or solely text.

Conclusions:

Providing information that meets women’s needs and counseling could be a method to reduce fears. A mobile-app seems to be an acceptable and suitable tool to help HPV-positive women.