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Accepted for/Published in: Journal of Medical Internet Research

Date Submitted: Apr 14, 2020
Open Peer Review Period: Apr 14, 2020 - Jun 9, 2020
Date Accepted: Jun 25, 2020
Date Submitted to PubMed: Jul 15, 2020
(closed for review but you can still tweet)

The final, peer-reviewed published version of this preprint can be found here:

Factors Influencing the Smartphone Usage Behavior of Pedestrians: Observational Study on “Spanish Smombies”

Fernandez C, Vicente MA, Carrillo I, Guilabert M, Mira JJ

Factors Influencing the Smartphone Usage Behavior of Pedestrians: Observational Study on “Spanish Smombies”

J Med Internet Res 2020;22(8):e19350

DOI: 10.2196/19350

PMID: 32667896

PMCID: 7455880

How many smombies are there on the street? An observational study on the behavior of pedestrians with their smartphones.

  • Cesar Fernandez; 
  • Maria Asuncion Vicente; 
  • Irene Carrillo; 
  • Mercedes Guilabert; 
  • José Joaquín Mira

ABSTRACT

Background:

Smartphone addiction has become a reality accepted by all. Some previous studies show that the use of the smartphone on public roads while walking is very common among the young population. The term “smombie” or smartphone zombie has been coined for this behavior. Such behavior causes a reduction in the attention given to other pedestrians and drivers and may result in accidents or run overs. But there is no precise data about how many people use the phone while they are walking on the street. Smartphone usage habits are evolving rapidly and more in-depth information is required, particularly about how users interact with their devices while walking: traditional phone conversations (phone close to ear), voice chats (phone in front of the head), waiting for notifications (phone in hand), text chats (user touching the screen), etc. This in-depth information may be useful for carrying out specific preventive actions in both the educative field (raising awareness about risks) and in the infrastructure field (redesigning the cities to increase safety).

Objective:

The aim of this study was to gather information about pedestrian’s smartphone usage.

Methods:

An observational study of pedestrians in the street was carried out in Elche, a medium-sized Spanish city of 230.000 inhabitants. The following data was gathered: gender, age group, location and type of smartphone interaction. A specific smartphone app was developed in order to acquire data with high reliability. Statistical significance of each variable was evaluated through Chi-squared tests; and Cramér’s V statistic was used to measure effect sizes. Observer agreement was checked by a Cohen’s kappa analysis.

Results:

The behavior of 3301 pedestrians was analyzed (53.62% female). As expected, the effect of the main variables studied was statistically significant, although with a small effect size: gender (P<.001, V=.12), age (P<.001, V=.18) and city area (P<.001, V=.16). The phone in hand or “holding” behavior was particularly dependent on gender, both for all age groups (P<.001, V=.09) and, to a greater extent, for young people (P<.001, V=.16). Over 39% of young women observed belonged to “holding” or “smombie” behaviors, the highest percentage among all age and gender groups.

Conclusions:

An in-depth analysis of smartphone usage while walking revealed that certain population groups (particularly, young women) have a high risk of suffering accidents due to smartphone usage. Interventions, aimed at reducing the risk of falls, collisions and run overs, should be focused in these groups. Clinical Trial: The study was registered and validated by the ethics committee of the Miguel Hernández University with research code: COIR:AUT.DISP.CFP.01.19.


 Citation

Please cite as:

Fernandez C, Vicente MA, Carrillo I, Guilabert M, Mira JJ

Factors Influencing the Smartphone Usage Behavior of Pedestrians: Observational Study on “Spanish Smombies”

J Med Internet Res 2020;22(8):e19350

DOI: 10.2196/19350

PMID: 32667896

PMCID: 7455880

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