Previously submitted to: JMIR Human Factors (no longer under consideration since Nov 14, 2023)
Date Submitted: Aug 10, 2023
Warning: This is an author submission that is not peer-reviewed or edited. Preprints - unless they show as "accepted" - should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.
Use of Behavior Change Wheel to Design an Intervention Tool to Support the Establishment of Good Behavior in Oral Self-Care for Schoolchildren: Chatbot Development and Usability Study
ABSTRACT
Background:
Oral health is closely related to general health and quality of life. Schoolchildren are at a critical stage for developing their self-care ability in oral health. Digital health interventions have the potential to support the development of oral self-care in schoolchildren.
Objective:
The primary aim of this study was to develop an oral self-care educational chatbot for schoolchildren and evaluate its usability as well as effectiveness.
Methods:
The development and evaluation of the oral self-care chatbot consisted of four stages: target behavior analysis, intervention design, system development, and the chatbot evaluation. Initially, the target behavior was analyzed based on clinical observations and the capability-opportunity-motivation behavioral model. Interventional functions were created by following the behavior change wheel. A menu-driven chatbot was developed and integrated with a popular instant messaging application, LINE. The chatbot underwent evaluation for its usability, likeability, and effectiveness. The Chatbot Usability Questionnaire (CUQ) was used for assessing its usability.
Results:
The barriers and requirements for achieving good behavior in oral self-care for schoolchildren were identified by the dental professionals. Intervention functions of capability establishment, motivation enhancement, and opportunity creation were designed to support schoolchildren in developing their abilities for engaging in oral self-care. The created LINE chatbot was assessed by thirty pairs of schoolchildren and their accompanying parents from the pediatric dental clinics, two of which were not complete. The results showed good usability, with a mean CUQ score of 79.91, and high likeability with a mean score of 4.32 out of 5 for the designed chatbot.
Conclusions:
Through the rigorous design process, the educational and evidence-based chatbot developed for establishing oral self-care behavior among schoolchildren has received high scores for usability, user likability, and effectiveness in enhancing changes in oral hygiene behavior.
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Copyright
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