Previously submitted to: JMIR mHealth and uHealth (no longer under consideration since May 19, 2023)
Date Submitted: Apr 11, 2023
Warning: This is an author submission that is not peer-reviewed or edited. Preprints - unless they show as "accepted" - should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.
Quality and Usability of Mobile Fundus Camera for Schematic Eyes: A Comparative Analysis
ABSTRACT
Background:
Photographs or videos taken from a mobile phone with a +20-D lens can be an alternative to indirect ophthalmoscopy in mass screening and telemedicine.
Objective:
To develop a mobile fundus camera (MFC) that ensures eye screening with safety, ease of use, and high accuracy in detecting fundus lesions.
Methods:
From October 1st, 2021, to September 30th, 2022, we developed an MFC based on Samsung S21 and iPhone 12 mobile phones with four different types of connecting lenses. Ten ophthalmology personnel were trained to use the MFC on schematic eyes and evaluate the developed systems. The four schematic eyes had a normal fundus, diabetic retinopathy (DR), normal optic disc, and glaucomatous optic disc. The system safety was assessed based on the ISO 15004-2 Visible wavelength (400–700 nm). All users completed the Thai version of the Usability Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). The evaluation of image quality was based on the sharpness index (SI), disc-to-image ratio, and color discrimination, which included relative redness, red-green difference, and red-blue difference.
Results:
Our system satisfied the safety criteria. The mean UEQ scores for the overall MFCs were above average in the domains of attractiveness, dependability, stimulation, and novelty. However, the efficiency and perspicuity were below average. The MFC based on the Samsung S21 had a significantly better overall SI but poorer overall color discrimination power than that of the iPhone 12 (p < 0.05). The best SI was achieved using Samsung S21+Volk 28D, whereas iPhone 12+oDocs 20D provided the best color discrimination. Interparticipant differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusions:
All the developed MFCs tested were safe and usable. Based on the SI criteria, the Samsung S21+ Volk 28D should be used for further development.
Citation
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