Previously submitted to: Journal of Medical Internet Research (no longer under consideration since Apr 30, 2024)
Date Submitted: Mar 28, 2023
Open Peer Review Period: Mar 28, 2023 - May 23, 2023
(closed for review but you can still tweet)
NOTE: This is an unreviewed Preprint
Warning: This is a unreviewed preprint (What is a preprint?). Readers are warned that the document has not been peer-reviewed by expert/patient reviewers or an academic editor, may contain misleading claims, and is likely to undergo changes before final publication, if accepted, or may have been rejected/withdrawn (a note "no longer under consideration" will appear above).
Peer review me: Readers with interest and expertise are encouraged to sign up as peer-reviewer, if the paper is within an open peer-review period (in this case, a "Peer Review Me" button to sign up as reviewer is displayed above). All preprints currently open for review are listed here. Outside of the formal open peer-review period we encourage you to tweet about the preprint.
Citation: Please cite this preprint only for review purposes or for grant applications and CVs (if you are the author).
Final version: If our system detects a final peer-reviewed "version of record" (VoR) published in any journal, a link to that VoR will appear below. Readers are then encourage to cite the VoR instead of this preprint.
Settings: If you are the author, you can login and change the preprint display settings, but the preprint URL/DOI is supposed to be stable and citable, so it should not be removed once posted.
Submit: To post your own preprint, simply submit to any JMIR journal, and choose the appropriate settings to expose your submitted version as preprint.
Warning: This is an author submission that is not peer-reviewed or edited. Preprints - unless they show as "accepted" - should not be relied on to guide clinical practice or health-related behavior and should not be reported in news media as established information.
Effects of Gain-and-Loss framing Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Messages and Issue Involvement on Behavioral and Electrophysiological Measures of Attention and Implicit Attitudes: Event-Related Potential Study
ABSTRACT
Background:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is detrimental to genital and cervical health. gain-and-loss framing research has yielded limited findings regarding ways to systematically influence vaccine acceptance (uptake) and acceptability (attitudes and intentions) to promote the HPV vaccine. However, potential moderating variables need to be considered. This study was designed to overcome previous limitations by exploring the role of personal involvement with HPV issues and the gain-and-loss framework in cognitive effects through an electrophysiological study.
Objective:
The main objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the effect of gain-and-loss frameworks on HPV immunization messages for college students with different levels of issue involvement on brain and cognitive processes, including attention and implicit attitudes, using behavioral and electrophysiological recordings (event-related potentials, ERPs); (2) to examine the cognitive process and attention allocation on gain-and-loss framing HPV messages and to further test the distinct persuasive routes of the elaboration likelihood model; and (3) to provide empirical evidence of design strategies for HPV immunization messages with regard to implicit social cognition bias about the different frames.
Methods:
In a mixed between-subjects experimental design, 40 participants were recruited into 2 (frames: gain vs. loss) × 2 (involvement: high vs. low issue involvement) groups. During the message exposure, brain activity was measured by electroencephalography as the participants were asked to conduct a 3-tone passive auditory oddball task. The amount of attention allocation was measured by event-related potentials (ERPs) (i.e., P300 amplitude) toward novelty stimuli. To further explore the implicit attitudes of the 4 groups, an implicit association test (IAT) was adopted and measured by D-scores.
Results:
For the P300 amplitude, the results showed that loss-framed messages elicited a larger P300 amplitude of novel stimuli than gain-framed ones (F1, 28 = 5.61, P=.03). The D-score results indicated that the IAT D-score of the gain-framed messages was also significantly higher than that of loss frames (F1, 36 =6.10, P =.02). Under the condition of the high-issue involvement group, the D-score of gain-framed messages was significantly larger than that of loss frames (P =.002).
Conclusions:
The P300 effect suggests that gain-framed messages receive more attention from participants than loss-framed messages. The results of the IAT demonstrate that individuals with high-issue involvement are likely to find elaboration on gain-framed information. From the perspective of loss aversion, this study found a positive bias in health-promoting information: gain-framed messages tend to have more message elaboration than loss-framed messages and might arouse positive attitudes toward HPV vaccination.
Citation
Request queued. Please wait while the file is being generated. It may take some time.
Copyright
© The authors. All rights reserved. This is a privileged document currently under peer-review/community review (or an accepted/rejected manuscript). Authors have provided JMIR Publications with an exclusive license to publish this preprint on it's website for review and ahead-of-print citation purposes only. While the final peer-reviewed paper may be licensed under a cc-by license on publication, at this stage authors and publisher expressively prohibit redistribution of this draft paper other than for review purposes.