Previously submitted to: JMIR Formative Research (no longer under consideration since Feb 25, 2019)
Date Submitted: Apr 4, 2018
Open Peer Review Period: Apr 6, 2018 - Aug 3, 2018
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‘Train your Mind’ program: Enhancing Executive Functions among Dutch Elementary School Children: systematic development
Background:
Executive functions are higher cognitive control functions, consisting of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, and are central to academic performance, and a healthy and successful life. While it has been shown that executive functions are trainable, how such improvements translate into everyday behaviors is not yet fully understood. The current project aimed to develop an intervention capable of enhancing executive functions among children aged 9 to 11. Subsequently, we hypothesized these improvements in EFs would lead to improved self-control, emotion-regulation, and attention (timely given the current potential rise in attentional problems); which in turn translate to more healthy behaviors in daily life, specifically physical activity and healthy eating – which is especially interesting given the recent rise in (childhood) obesity. To further stimulate the development of the latter behaviors, personalized tailored feedback was provided in the fourth and final module, eHealth.
Objective:
The present paper describes (1) what EFs are, why they matter in life, and how they can be trained and (2) the development of the Train your Mind intervention.
Methods:
The design of this intervention, and the development of the program materials, was guided by the Intervention Mapping framework.
Results:
A multi-component intervention was composed, including: (1) focused physical exercise (kung fu), (2) cognitive games, (3) socio-emotional development, and (4) eHealth. All four components received positive feedback during pilot-testing in terms of user friendliness (readability, graphics), gameplay (clear instructions, fun), and feasibility (for teachers).
Conclusions:
The current literature base seems to suggest a multi-modal approach (cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical) may hold promising potential for the purpose of training executive functions, and perhaps even attain the much-desired broad transfer (practical translation into daily life), which, to date, has not been demonstrated before. In sum, encouraging the development of executive functions could yield great benefits in terms of academic performance, (physical and socio-emotional) health, and decreased risks during adolescence. Even though IM could not be applied completely, the overarching framework and various steps, provided guidance in developing and planning the intervention.
ClinicalTrial:
NTR 5804 (Nederlands Trial Register)
Citation
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